Astronomers Think They Have a Warning Sign for When Massive Stars are About to Explode as Supernovae

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Red supergiant stars are explosions waiting to happen. They are in the last stage of their life, red and swollen as they fuse heavier elements in a last effort to keep from collapsing. But eventually, gravity will win and the red supergiant core will collapse, triggering a supernova. We know it will happen, but until recently, we didn’t know when.

The most famous red supergiant is Betelgeuse, the bright red star in the constellation Orion. It is about 550 light-years away and has a mass of about 18 Suns. It is the closest red supergiant to Earth, and when it eventually does explode it will briefly outshine the Moon. Of course, this has caused all manner of speculation about the star. Will it explode in our lifetime? Has it already exploded, and we’re just waiting for the supernova light to reach us? And all astronomers have been able to say is probably not, but we don’t really know. But a new study could give us an advance warning a few months before Betelgeuse does explode.

There are two general models for red supergiant supernovae. Both predict a red supergiant should dim significantly before exploding, on significantly different time scales. In the superwind model, a stellar wind is triggered by the ever-faster rate of fusion at a star’s end of life. The outer layer of the star is driven off by this wind over several decades, creating a circumstellar layer of cool gas that causes the star to appear very dim. The rapid outburst model, on the other hand, predicts a final period of less than a year, where more than a tenth of a solar mass can be cast off. This would cause the star to dim by a factor of 100 within the last few months of its life.

Read more: https://www.universetoday.com/158116/as ... upernovae/